Grapes: planting and care in the open field, pruning and propagation methods, diseases and pests, a variety of varieties.

Grapes are a perennial plant, from grapes. The calm climate and subtropics are the natural environment for this culture. It will not be possible to meet the growth of grapes in the wild. The first plant cultivated by man. From the stories about history, it is clear that culture became known to man in the ancient world. Mostly grapes were used in winemaking. In the 17th century, in Astrakhan, a vineyard was laid, the first on Russian territory. Nowadays, grapes are still famous: wine, juice, raisins, used fresh, vinegar. The field of cosmetology uses seed oil. Foliage is used in cooking: cabbage rolls, dolma (Asian countries).

Grape features

Grape varieties

In warm regions, grape vines reach up to 40 meters; in the middle lane, the length is much shorter, no more than three meters. The antennae help to cling to the support. Young shoots of two light shades, yellow and red. The brown bark, with deep grooves, covers the obsolete trunks. Flowering occurs in May-June. End of August - beginning of September, the time of fruit ripening. The fruits hang in clusters, juicy, varied in color, pink, dark red, green, purple, black. The culture can be up to 150 years old.

Grape planting in the open field

Planting grapes

Both autumn and spring are suitable for planting. Fortified seedlings are planted from the third decade of March to May. But the sale of seedlings takes place in the autumn, and it cannot be left for the winter, it will dry out, damage mold or rodents. Therefore, autumn is the best option for work. Compliance with agrotechnical rules will help indispensable settling in place. Tips for choosing a healthy seedling: the cut must be white, if it is of good maturity, bright green, not overdried.

Preparation will help you quickly settle down. The root system is placed in water, where there is a day. Trim into three to four eyes. The western part of the site, south-west and south - those sides of the building where the disembarkation is located. A small hill, the distance between other trees is at least 6 meters.

Planting grapes in spring

If black soil or a clayey place for planting is chosen, the dimensions of the pit are 800x800x800 cm. In the sandy soil, at least 1 cubic meter. Preparation is best done in the fall, during the winter the soil will be compacted. The depth affects the quick engraftment and protection of the roots from severe frosts in winter. For drainage, fill the bottom of the pit with crushed stone, up to 15 cm. Chernozem is added to the crushed stone, 15-20 cm thick. An elongated pipe, 10 cm in diameter, is dug into the ground.Fertilizers (potash and superphosphate) are applied over black soil, leveled over the entire area. Ash, 2 kg, will serve as a substitute for minerals. Fertile soil on top, up to 15 cm. More fertilizers and another layer of soil. After sealing, pour in up to 60 liters of water. Leave until spring.

Before planting, treat the root system with a talker (a bucket of water + humate, a small spoon + clay, a mixture of sour cream consistency). Place the plant in a hole, set the root heel on the south side, gently spread it and sprinkle it with soil 10 cm. Fill the hole, alternating black soil with sand. Tamp, cover with black foil, cutting a hole for grapes and pipes.Cover the seedling itself, cut to the neck, with a plastic container. Water should be done through a pipe that serves as a drainage hole. This method is suitable for short seedlings.

Grapes: autumn planting

The beginning of October and the period before cold weather, the time for planting vines. The process is no different from the spring planting, but it must be insulated for the winter. Hilling around the bush at a considerable height; needles are suitable for covering. Insulate the area near the trunk with sawdust or peat. A pit for planting is prepared in 15-20 days, because the soil will be compacted and can damage the root system.

Spring grape care, summer and autumn

Let's decide right away, leaving is quite difficult, especially without experience. The shelter is removed at a set temperature above -5 degrees. But not completely, in case of recurrent frosts. After the appearance of the first buds, completely remove the shelter. The snow melts and water can accumulate around the bush. You can simply scoop it out or figure out the grooves where the water will drain itself safely. Mandatory sanitary pruning, remove diseased or damaged stems during wintering. A garter is carried out to the lower partition of the support, preferably vertically. Examine the entire bush to rule out diseases. If everything is in order, spray with nitrafen (solution, 1 liter of water + 200 g of product). The procedure will protect against the possibility of diseases and pests. Spring time is time to shape the bushes, break off unnecessary stems, do this action several times so that the shoots become no longer than 40 cm. Shoots are cut out. After the appearance of the first two pairs of leaves, treat with a fungicide. In the first half of May, carry out a garter. Before flowering, for 10 days, feed with a complex. It is necessary to monitor a moderate number of inflorescences, otherwise the plant may be damaged from severity.

In the summer, we do a pinch, the vine should not be longer than 170 cm. Top dressing of the vines is carried out until mid-summer. The stepchildren are removed, the plant should not waste energy on unnecessary elements. In July, remove the leaves covering the vine with fruits from the sun. Daily inspection to identify pests and diseases. For prophylaxis, in the first days of summer, process the plant with a mixture of solutions: Rodomil (prepare the solution strictly according to the instructions) + fufanon. Mix strictly drug solutions, and not all together. Repeat spraying at the beginning of July. Autumn care consists in warming before wintering. To begin with, the obligatory feeding of the vines with organic matter mixed with wood ash. Treat pests. After the leaf cover has fallen off, we carry out pruning for shaping. Strictly until frost, when the plant is fragile, vulnerable, it can break, the liana will be damaged. If the variety is of low frost resistance, insulation is necessary. Hilling at a height, the vine is shortened so that it would be possible to press it to the ground. You can use the lower branches of conifers, add additional snow on top.

Processing, timing of watering, fertilizing with fertilizers

Do not be mistaken, try to save the affected stems and branches by chemical treatment. The causes of the disease that has arisen will be destroyed, but the culture will not be able to improve its health. That is why prevention is so important, prevents plant diseases. In the spring, after the appearance of greenery, treat with Bordeaux liquid (3%) or colloidal sulfur (1%). Strengthens the immunity of grapes against mites and fungi.

The next spraying should be carried out before flowering, as a last resort, on the buds. When flowering, processing is strictly prohibited. A systemic fungicide is suitable for these sprays. The procedure can be repeated after flowering. If the size of the fruit is a pea, you can apply Bordeaux liquid, or one of the preparations used in early spring. The last treatment is carried out at the end of July, using means of short waiting periods: Quadris, Tiovit Jet, Strobi.The means for processing must be changed annually, so that diseases and pests do not get used to it, and become resistant to drugs.

Carry out the first watering immediately, removing the shelter after winter, tying the vine to the lower crossbar of the support. Water through a drain pipe, up to 40 liters of water per bush + add ash. Water again seven days before flowering, after flowering, water a third time. Stop watering before technical maturation. Water the week before the shelter for wintering. Such a watering scheme for young plants. Adults only need to recharge it once, before insulation.

If, when planting in the ground, you applied all the necessary fertilizers, then for 4 years you can not return to this topic. At this age, the vine is already beginning to bear its first fruits and will need strengthening with nutrients: minerals and organic matter (manure or compost). Simple nitrogen-containing urea or ammonium nitrate. Sufficient phosphorus content in superphosphate (according to instructions), potassium source - potassium salt. The first feeding after removing the shelter: 50 g of nitrogen + 30 g of potash, fertilizers + superphosphate 40 g. Dry into a groove around the plant, then sprinkle with soil. Before flowering, chicken manure + slurry + water (20 liters). This mixture ferments for 10-12 days, is diluted with water 1: 6, add a little superphosphate and potassium fertilizer. 10 liters of the resulting mixture per bush. Before ripening, top dressing with superphosphate and potassium. We use nitrogenous ones only in the first half of summer, so as not to form the reason for the delay in fruit ripeness.

Garter trimming.

The tie to the support helps to control the formation, growth of the bush. It is carried out in 2 stages, the beginning of spring, carefully, without damaging the branches. Second stage, young shoots at least 40 cm each time the shoots grow to the next support level. Tie up with soaked washcloth, wire covered with soft paper.

Pruning is carried out in the fall, early spring as needed, removal of diseased, injured branches. In the summer, pruning is not carried out, mainly pinning, for good ventilation.

Reproduction of grapes.

Seed propagation will retain only a fraction of the genetic material. Therefore, the choice is stopped on cuttings. It is very easy to propagate grapes by cuttings. In the fall, when pruning, prepare the hardened cuttings, the obligatory presence of 2-3 eyes. Cut at an angle of 45 degrees, the distance from the kidney is at least 40 mm. You can store it indoors for potatoes. To process the cuttings, place them in a solution of copper sulfate (1%) for 10 minutes. Dry, wrap in paper, polyethylene and store.

Grapes: diseases

Anthracnose affects inflorescences, berries, leaves and stems, with brown spots, tissues crack, and later ulcers appear. The plant dries up. Treat with fungicides as early as possible.

Oidium - fungal, powdery mildew. Plaque is formed. As a preventive measure, avoid thickening of the leaves. You can spray with Topaz (according to the instructions).

Mildew - downy mildew. Representative fungal. It is very dangerous, damages the entire green cover, in the form of oily spots. Foliage dies off, later inflorescences and stems. Fungal is generally the most common disease, so it is advisable to choose varieties that are resistant to this disease. Carry out the treatment with fungicides, in three steps. There are many more types of sores can be listed. The main observance of the rules of agricultural technology.

Pests of grapes.

Flea, miner moth, weevil, goldfish, species of ticks, wasps, cicadas and many others. Grape aphids are the most dangerous, there are two types: root (pierces the root system and the plant dies), disposal is impossible. In the case of sheet form, process with Confidor. Caterpillars damage buds, leaves and berries (up to 80% of fruits). For processing, after removing the winter cover, spray with a solution of Nitrafen (250 g of substance per 10 liters of water). In the summer, any insecticide. Mite - sucking, damages the leaf plate, sucking out the juice.Treat the plant with Fufanon in 3 stages.

Types and varieties of grapes with a photo.

Today, mainly hybrids are grown: Labrusca, Amurskiy and wine. The advantage is in European varieties, they are more resistant to frost, diseases, although their taste is less pronounced.
Popular types include:
- Cabernet, high resistance to fungal, used in winemaking;
- Aligote, white, relative frost resistance, susceptible to diseases, used in winemaking and juice production;
- Flame Tokay - table variety, purple-red fruits. Juicy, fleshy pulp, unstable to frost, susceptible to diseases.
Varieties:
- Nadezhda - table, slightly pink color of fruits, not winter-hardy and susceptible to diseases;
- Muscat Ottonel - universal, yellow-green color, used fresh, making juices and wines;
- Isabella hybrid, almost black fruits, with a strawberry smell.
Growing grapes is a very laborious task, but the results will bring immense enjoyment of the fruits of labor.

Types of grapes

Cabernet grapes